| A
Perspective on Evolving Definitions of Glaucoma |
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| Introduction |
| no
questions |
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| Three
Targets for Glaucoma Therapy |
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| 1. |
A
benchmark for care of the glaucoma patient is the distribution
of intraocular pressures in the general population.
|
| (A) |
true |
| (B) |
false |
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| 2. |
Over
a span of 80 years, an eye could be expected to lose approximately
what percentage of its ganglion cells through attrition?
|
| (A) |
15%
|
| (B) |
30%
|
| (C) |
50%
|
| (D) |
80
% |
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|
| 3. |
The
relation between cell loss and intraocular pressure is known
as: |
| (A) |
IOP
risk profile |
| (B) |
target
pressure |
| (C) |
threshold
pressure |
| (D) |
tonographic
facility of outflow |
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|
| 4. |
Target
pressure is determined by considerations in addition to the
presumed threshold pressure.
|
| (A) |
true |
| (B) |
false |
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|
| 5. |
During
sleep, there is: |
| (A) |
a
75% reduction in aqueous formation |
| (B) |
an
increased risk of reduced arterial perfusion |
| (C) |
an
offset of the ocular hypertensive effects |
| (D) |
all
of the above |
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|
| 6. |
The
method used to measure the pressure-dependency of aqueous humor
outflow is: |
| (A) |
circadian
rhythm |
| (B) |
target
pressure |
| (C) |
threshold
pressure |
| (D) |
tonographic
facility of outflow |
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|
| 2001:
What's New with Glaucoma Medications |
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| 7. |
What
parameters are used when evaluating the clinical performance
of a glaucoma medication? |
| (A) |
ability
to lower intraocular pressure |
| (B) |
local
tolerability |
| (C) |
systemic
safety |
| (D) |
all
of the above |
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|
| 8. |
Which
new agent approved by the FDA is a decosanoid derived from decosahexanoic
acid with a 22-carbon backbone: |
| (A) |
bimatoprost |
| (B) |
latanoprost |
| (C) |
travaprost |
| (D) |
unoprostone
isopropyl |
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|
| 9. |
Which
is the approved new agents is most similar to latanoprost:
|
| (A) |
bimatoprost |
| (B) |
timolol |
| (C) |
travaprost |
| (D) |
unoprostone
isopropyl |
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|
| 10. |
Which
new agent does not bind to the prostaglandin FB receptor:
|
| (A) |
bimatoprost |
| (B) |
latanoprost |
| (C) |
travaprost |
| (D) |
unoprostone
isopropyl |
| |
|
| 11. |
Bimatoprost
increases the trabecular outflow as well as the uveoscleral
outflow. |
| (A) |
true |
| (B) |
false |
| |
|
| 12. |
Which
of the following is not a downside to the use of a combination
product in the treatment of glaucoma: |
| (A) |
appropriate
efficacy of the second is adequate to justify its side effects
|
| (B) |
proving that each component is clinically appropriate
|
| (C) |
proving that in the combination are the best choices available
|
| (D) |
proving
that patient convenience results in improved compliance
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| Rating
the Efficacy and Tolerability of Topical Glaucoma Medications
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| 13. |
Which
of the following is not a characteristic of normal-tension
glaucoma:
|
| (A) |
elevated
IOP |
| (B) |
loss
of retinal ganglion cells |
| (C) |
progressive
optic neuropathy |
| (D) |
vision
field loss |
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|
| 14. |
The
primary criteria for evaluating the efficacy of glaucoma medications
today is the evidence of neuroprotective potential.
|
| (A) |
true |
| (B) |
false |
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|
| 15. |
Adverse
events have a high impact on successful glaucoma management
because: |
| (A) |
it
is a progressive disease that requires long-term care
|
| (B) |
the
patient population tends to be older and has other ailments
|
| (C) |
receptors
that work to lower IOP also regulate important pulmonary activities
|
| (D) |
all
of the above |
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|
| 16. |
According
to the author, what percentage of patients who initially responded
well lose the hypotensive efficacy of beta-blockers over time:
|
| (A) |
25%
|
| (B) |
50%
|
| (C) |
75%
|
| (D) |
100%
|
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|
| 17. |
Which
alpha-agonist has proven useful as an effective long-term therapy
as an adjunctive agent: |
| (A) |
apraclonidine |
| (B) |
benzalkonium
chloride |
| (C) |
brimonidine |
| (D) |
stablized
oxychloro complex |
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|
| 18. |
Brimatoprost
caused an average drop in IOP of approximately how much in clinical
trials: |
| (A) |
33%
|
| (B) |
40%
|
| (C) |
50%
|
| (D) |
63%
|
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| Disease
Progression: Combining Medications for Optimal IOP Control
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| 19. |
When
the determination is made that more than one medication is needed
to reduce IOP to a target level, which of the following factors
should be considered: |
| (A) |
evaluation
of the efficacy of each medication |
| (B) |
mechanism
of action of each medication |
| (C) |
potential
neuroprotective effects |
| (D) |
all
of the above |
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|
| 20. |
What
is the suggested minimum target pressure reduction that should
be achieved with an adjunctive agent: |
| (A) |
10%
|
| (B) |
15%
|
| (C) |
20%
|
| (D) |
25%
|
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|
| 21. |
If
the monotherapeutic agent used to reduce IOP is not working,
the addition of an adjunctive agent should be used immediately. |
| (A) |
true |
| (B) |
false |
| |
|
| 22. |
Which
of the following is true of prostaglandins: |
| (A) |
includes
dorzolamide and levobunolol |
| (B) |
increases
uveoscleral outflow without altering aqueous production
|
| (C) |
reduces
aqueous humor formation |
| (D) |
should
not be used adjunctively with ocular hypotensive agents
|
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| 23. |
Patients
using brimonidine/latanoprost had a mean IOP reduction of:
|
| (A) |
18%
|
| (B) |
24.2%
|
| (C) |
34.5%
|
| (D) |
35.2%
|
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|
| 24. |
Which
of the following increases aqueous outflow through both the
trabecular meshwork pathway and the uveoscleral outflow:
|
| (A) |
carbonic
anhydrase inhibitors |
| (B) |
postaglandins |
| (C) |
prostamides |
| (D) |
topical
beta-blockers |
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| Beyond
IOP Control: Neuroprotection as an Antiglaucoma Strategy
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| 25. |
Which
of the following is a characteristic of apoptosis:
|
| (A) |
elicits
an inflammatory response |
| (B) |
faster
than necrosis |
| (C) |
is
a type of programmed cell death |
| (D) |
proceeds
in a random fashion |
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|
| 26. |
Which
of the following prolongs the life of RGC's: |
| (A) |
activation
of ceruloplasm |
| (B) |
ciliary
neurotrophic factors |
| (C) |
improved
blood flow to optic nerve head |
| (D) |
all
of the above |
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|
| 27. |
Which
drug has been shown to block entry of calcium into cells:
|
| (A) |
betaxolol |
| (B) |
brimonidine |
| (C) |
memantine |
| (D) |
timolol |
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|
| 28. |
Which
drug has been shown for blockade of the NMDA-type glutamate
receptor: |
| (A) |
betaxolol |
| (B) |
brimonidine |
| (C) |
memantine |
| (D) |
timolol |
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|
| 29. |
Which
drug has been shown to achieve pharmacologically active concentrations
at the retina: |
| (A) |
betaxolol |
| (B) |
brimonidine |
| (C) |
memantine |
| (D) |
timolol |
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|
| 30. |
It
is now believed that there may be several causes of the glaucomatous
neuropathy common to all types of glaucoma in addition to elevated
IOP. |
| (A) |
true |
| (B) |
false |
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| Surgical
Approached to Glaucoma |
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| 31. |
Surgery
may be performed in the treatment of glaucoma when the patient:
|
| (A) |
is
responsive to medications |
| (B) |
is
able to follow treatment protocol |
| (C) |
prefers surgery to medications |
| (D) |
all
of the above |
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|
| 32. |
The
most common glaucoma procedure performed is: |
| (A) |
cyclocoagulation |
| (B) |
filtration surgery |
| (C) |
non-penetrating filtering surgery |
| (D) |
tube
shunts |
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|
| 33. |
In
laser trabeculoplasty, which laser is the most commonly used:
|
| (A) |
argon |
| (B) |
diode |
| (C) |
krypton |
| (D) |
tunable
dye |
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|
| 34. |
A
bleb is created in which procedure: |
| (A) |
cyclocoagulation |
| (B) |
deep
sclerostomy |
| (C) |
tube
shunts |
| (D) |
viscocanulostomy |
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|
| 35. |
Which
surgical procedure is usually reserved for patients with end-stage
glaucoma who were unsuccessful with other treatments: |
| (A) |
cyclophotocoagulation |
| (B) |
trabeculoplasty |
| (C) |
trabeculectomy |
| (D) |
viscocanulostomy |
| |
|
| 36. |
Surgical
procedures usually provide permanent IOP control to glaucoma
patients. |
| (A) |
true |
| (B) |
false |
